Abstract
Dependence on multiple nutrient- provisioning symbionts has evolved numerous times in insects. Monnin et al. provide evidence from the symbionts of aphids that these dependencies evolve in a predictable manner. The repeated losses of the same metabolic pathways bind the symbionts into co-dependence, and integration follows in a stepwise manner.
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This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.