Genome downsizing after polyploidy: mechanisms, rates and selection pressures.

Abstract

An analysis of over 10,000 plant genome sizes (GS) indicate that most species have smaller genomes than expected given the incidence of polyploidy in their ancestries, suggesting selection for genome downsizing. However, comparing ancestral GS with the incidence of ancestral polyploidy suggests that the rate of DNA loss following polyploidy is likely to have been very small (4-70 Mb/million years, 4-482 bp/generation). This poses a problem, how might such small DNA losses be visible to selection, overcome the power of genetic drift, and drive genome downsizing? We explore that problem, focusing on the role that double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways (non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR)) may have played. We also explore two hypotheses that could explain how selection might favour genome downsizing following polyploidy, to reduce: (1) nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) costs associated with synthesising nucleic acids in the nucleus and the transcriptome, and; (2) the impact of scaling effects of GS on cell size, which influences CO2 uptake and water loss. We explore the hypothesis that losses of DNA must be fastest in early polyploid generations. Alternatively, if DNA loss is a more continuous process over evolutionary time, then we propose it is a biproduct of selection elsewhere, such as limiting the damaging activity of repetitive DNA. If so then the impact of GS on photosynthesis, water use efficiency and/or nutrient costs at the nucleus level, may be emergent properties, which have advantages, but not ones that could have been selected for over generational timescales.