dc.contributor.author | Chen, L | |
dc.contributor.author | Ghilardi, M | |
dc.contributor.author | Busfield, JJC | |
dc.contributor.author | Carpi, F | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-15T08:30:55Z | |
dc.date.available | 2021-06-15T08:30:55Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2021-06-09 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Chen L, Ghilardi M, Busfield JJC and Carpi F (2021) Electrically Tunable Lenses: A Review. Front. Robot. AI 8:678046. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2021.678046 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/72541 | |
dc.description.abstract | Optical lenses with electrically controllable focal length are of growing interest, in order to reduce the complexity, size, weight, response time and power consumption of conventional focusing/zooming systems, based on glass lenses displaced by motors. They might become especially relevant for diverse robotic and machine vision-based devices, including cameras not only for portable consumer electronics (e.g. smart phones) and advanced optical instrumentation (e.g. microscopes, endoscopes, etc.), but also for emerging applications like small/micro-payload drones and wearable virtual/augmented-reality systems. This paper reviews the most widely studied strategies to obtain such varifocal “smart lenses”, which can electrically be tuned, either directly or via electro-mechanical or electro-thermal coupling. Only technologies that ensure controllable focusing of multi-chromatic light, with spatial continuity (i.e. continuous tunability) in wavefronts and focal lengths, as required for visible-range imaging, are considered. Both encapsulated fluid-based lenses and fully elastomeric lenses are reviewed, ranging from proof-of-concept prototypes to commercially available products. They are classified according to the focus-changing principles of operation, and they are described and compared in terms of advantages and drawbacks. This systematic overview should help to stimulate further developments in the field. | en_US |
dc.publisher | Frontiers Media SA | en_US |
dc.relation.ispartof | Frontiers in Robotics and AI | |
dc.rights | Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) | |
dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | |
dc.title | Electrically Tunable Lenses: A Review | en_US |
dc.type | Article | en_US |
dc.rights.holder | © 2021 Chen, Ghilardi, Busfield and Carpi. | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.3389/frobt.2021.678046 | |
pubs.notes | Not known | en_US |
pubs.publication-status | Published online | en_US |
pubs.volume | 8 | en_US |
rioxxterms.funder | Default funder | en_US |
rioxxterms.identifier.project | Default project | en_US |
qmul.funder | MICACT::Commission of the European Community | en_US |