What's new in ocular and oral aspects of Sjögren's syndrome and do new treatments work?

Abstract

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands leading to glandular dysfunction, resulting in dryness of the eyes, mouth and other mucosal surfaces. Systemic manifestations also occur in the majority of patients. There has been increasing interest in recent years with a number of publications on the classification criteria, diagnostic tools, disease activity, damage, impact and potential treatments. This article reviews recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular and oral involvement in pSS. Recent stand out developments include measurement of tear osmolarity as a marker in dry eye disease diagnosis, new devices measuring tear constituents, Meibomian gland structure and treatment of its dysfunction. Lip biopsy is still valuable despite emerging evidence of non-invasive diagnostic techniques, notably salivary gland ultrasound.