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    Real time neutron diffraction and NMR of the Empress II glass-ceramic system 
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    Real time neutron diffraction and NMR of the Empress II glass-ceramic system

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    Published Version
    Embargoed until: 5555-01-01
    Published Version
    Embargoed until: 5555-01-01
    Volume
    27
    Pagination
    990 - 996
    DOI
    10.1016/j.dental.2011.06.005
    Journal
    DENT MATER
    Issue
    10
    ISSN
    0109-5641
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Abstract
    Objective. This study reports real time neutron diffraction on the Empress II glass-ceramic system. Methods. The commercial glass-ceramics was characterized by real time neutron diffraction, 31P and 29Si solid-state MAS-NMR, DSC and XRD. Results. On heating, the as-received glass ceramic contained lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5), which melted with increasing temperature. This was revealed by neutron diffraction which showed the Bragg peaks for this phase had disappeared by 958 °C in agreement with thermal analysis. On cooling lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) started to form at around 916 °C and a minor phase of cristobalite at around 852 °C. The unit cell volume of both Li-silicate phases increased linearly with temperature at a rate of +17 × 10−3 Å3.°C−1. Room temperature powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the material after cooling confirms presence of the lithium metasilicate and cristobalite as the main phases and shows, in addition, small amount of lithium disilicate and orthophosphate. 31P MAS-NMR reveals presence of the lithiorthophosphate (Li3PO4) before and after heat treatment. The melting of lithium disilicate on heating and crystallisation of lithium metasilicate on cooling agree with endothermic and exotermic features respectively observed by DSC. 29Si MAS-NMR shows presence of lithium disilicate phase in the as-received glass-ceramic, though not in the major proportion, and lithium metasilicate in the material after heat treatment. Both phases have significantly long T1 relaxation time, especially the lithium metasilicate, therefore, a quantitative analysis of the 29Si MAS-NMR spectra was not attempted. Significance. The findings of the present work demonstrate importance of the commercially designed processing parameters in order to preserve desired characteristics of the material. Processing the Empress II at a rate slower than recommended 60 °C min−1 or long isothermal hold at the maximal processing temperature 920 °C can cause crystallization of lithium metasilicate and cristobalite instead of lithium disilicate as major phase.
    Authors
    O'Donnell, MD; Hill, RG; Karpukhina, N; Law, RV
    URI
    http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2202
    Collections
    • Centre for Oral Bioengineering [491]
    Licence information
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.06.005
    Copyright statements
    Copyright © 2011 Academy of Dental Materials.
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